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Chapter Three: Woman's Rights in Islam
Let us here address the status of women in Islam after the
quick summary of the status of women in the pre-Islamic
societies. We need here to compare the rights to which Islam
has entitled women and the rights that other societies
granted.
Islam deals
with women in a very comprehensive way. We notice that Islam
did not limit its care of women to a specific stage of life;
but rather, paid close attention to women's needs and rights
throughout her life, as we shall illustrate through the
following discussion. Islam focused on the female, in general,
as daughter, wife, mother and otherwise in the Islamic
society.
Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran
(17:31) concerning the necessity and importance of the
preservation and care of female and male newborns - which the
meaning of is translated as:
“And kill not your children for fear of poverty. We provide
for them and for you. Surely, such a killing is a great sin.”
In fact,
Islam declares that the killing of children is a great sin
which is punishable by Allah.
Islam
requires the parents to give their children beautiful names,
take proper care of them, take care of all their needs,
provide for them what they need, in accordance to parent's
level of income, and ensure a decent, respected and honorable
life for them. Islam imposes this as a child's right. Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (2:233)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“Mothers shall nurse their children for two whole years, for
those parents who desire to complete the term of suckling, and
the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother's
food and clothing on a reasonable basis.”
Nursing and
child up-bringing is the most important right after the right
of (milk) nursing by the mother. The mother is entitled to the
upbringing of the child, son or daughter, at the early stage
of life, between the ages of one and thirteen or fourteen.
This applies particularly in case of divorce due to essential
differences between parents. Islam entitles the mother custody
during early childhood because she, generally, is more caring
and attentive of the child's need. 'Amr bin Shu'aib related of
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
that: 'A woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him) complaining about her husband saying: My
belly (womb) held my baby as a fetus, my breast nursed the
baby as an infant and my lap carried the baby for a long time.
The baby's father divorced me, and he wants to strip the baby
(my child) away from me!. He (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) said:
“You deserve the child's custody as long as you do not
remarry.”'[27]
Abu-Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), the first rightly
guided Caliph of Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him), passed a verdict in favor of 'Asim's mother, the
wife of Omar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him),
when Omar divorced her. Abu-Bakr (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him), said: "Her smell, the way the mother smells her
child, and her kindness is better for him than you."[28]
If it was not
for the commands of Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the
Glorious Quran, and the teaching of Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) in the Sunnah, women would not
have been given the preference over men. Allah's Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was reported as
saying:
“Be fair and just in terms of the gifts you offer your
children. If I was to give preference to any (gender over the
other) I would have preferred females over males (in terms of
gifts).”[29]
Moreover,
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
concentrated throughout his teachings on giving more care and
attention to females in general over the male. Females must be
treated with kindness, respect, honor, dignity, integrity and
their needs must be looked after. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) says:
“He whosoever has three daughters, or three sisters, or two
daughters or two sisters, and is very kind to them,
demonstrating nice company to them and fears Allah in their
treatment, will enter Paradise (as a result of his good
actions to these females).”[30]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is also
reported to have said:
“He whosoever has three daughters and exercises patience with
them, feeds them, clothes them according to his own income,
they will become like a barrier for him, to protect him from
the torture of the Hellfire.”[31]
Islamic laws
and teachings mandate that parents raise their children in the
best manners and offer them a sound, beneficial and healthy
education. Ibn Omar (may Allah be pleased with him), reported
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as
saying:
“The most sinful of you are those who neglect those whom he is
responsible to take care of.”[32]
Ibn Omar (may
Allah be pleased with him), reported that Allah's Messenger
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
“Each one of you (Muslims) is a shepherd (i.e. care taker).
And each one of you is responsible for his own herd (i.e.
whatever one is entrusted with). A leader, is a shepherd, and
is responsible for his own herd. A man is a shepherd of his
family, and he is responsible for his own herd. A woman is a
shepherd in her husband's home, and she is responsible for his
herd. A servant is a shepherd in his master's wealth, and he
is responsible for his herd. Each one of you (Muslims) is a
shepherd and each one of you is responsible for his own herd.”[33]
Additionally,
Islam commanded that justice in its broad concept is applied
amongst all children regardless of their sexes. Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (16:90)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“Verily Allah enjoins justice and doing of good, and
liberality to kith and kin, and He forbids all shameful deeds,
injustice and rebellion. He admonishes you, that you may take
heed.”
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said:
“Be just and fair to your children; be just and fair to your
children; be just and fair to your children, (three times).”[34]
Bukhari also
reported that: 'Aishah, the mother of the believers (may Allah
be pleased with her), said to the prophet: 'A poor woman came
to my door carrying two little girls. I offered the woman
three dates. She gave each of her two girls a date, and lifted
the third one to her mouth to eat. Both her daughters asked
her to feed them. The woman split the last date into two
pieces and gave one half to each of her two daughters.' I
admired what the woman had done and reported it to Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), who said
upon hearing it:
“Verily, Allah made paradise, a permanent abode for that woman
for what she did in terms of sacrifice, and He has liberated
her from the hellfire.”[35]
Undoubtedly,
this noble direction of Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him) ties together human emotions; i.e., the
natural love of children, and the reward in the hereafter. The
love of the hereafter is but an incentive for parents to be
kind, merciful and just to all their children. Parents will
pray for the reward from Allah.
Islam calls
for material and emotional justice and fair treatment from
both parents to their children, regardless of their sexes. A
male child is not to be given preference over a female child,
and vise versa. Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him) once was asked by a man to give him testimony
that he gave his son a certain gift. Upon that, Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) asked the
father:
“Did you give all your children the same as you gave this son?
The man answered negatively. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Let someone else be a
witness. I will not bear witness to an unfair and unjust
thing. (O People!) Fear Your Lord, Allah, and be just amongst
all your children.”[36]
Islam did not
limit justice and fair treatment to visible matters only. This
treatment was passed on to all details of the life, including,
but not limited to emotional acts such as kissing a child or
smiling for him. Anas (may Allah be pleased with him),
reported that a man was sitting with Allah's Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him). A son of that man came to
see him. The man kissed his son and let him sit on his lap
(thigh). (A little later), a daughter of that man came (to see
her father). He made her sit in front of him. Allah's Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to the man:
“Why do you not equalize (in treatment) between both of your
children?”[37]
It is worth
mentioning here, also, that Islam emphasized the importance of
taking care of the orphans. Being an orphan has a great
negative impact on the mental, spiritual and emotional status
of a child. This state may lead an orphan to deviation or
corruption at times, especially if the orphan exists in a
society that does not give him due care, fulfill his needs and
be kind and merciful to him.
Islam pays
special attention, and gives tremendous care, to orphans,
males and females. Islam required that the immediate relatives
of that orphan take good care of him/her. If there are no
relatives, then it becomes the responsibility of the Islamic
State to take care of them, manage their affairs and provide
them with care. Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the
Glorious Quran (93:9) which the meaning of is translated as:
“Therefore, treat not the orphan with harshness.”
Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), also stated in the Glorious Quran
(4:10) which the meaning of is translated as:
“Verily, those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans,
they eat up only a fire into their bellies, and they will be
burn in the Blazing fire!”. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) is also reported to have said:
“O Allah! I declare it a great sin to harm, do injustice, hurt
or waste the rights of the two weak persons, the orphan and
the woman.”[38]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is also
reported to have said:
“Avoid the seven cardinal sins that may cause destruction. The
companions asked: O Prophet of Allah! What are these sins? He
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: To associate
others in the worship of Allah, to practice sorcery, to kill a
human soul for no due reason, to deal with Riba (usury), to
eat up the wealth of an orphan, to back away in the battle
field and to accuse the innocent, chaste, believing women with
adultery.”[39]
On the other
hand, many other statements of Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) have been reported as urging
believing Muslims to sponsor orphans, take good care of them,
be kind to them and demonstrate love and affection to them. He
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
“I and the sponsor of an orphan are like these in Jannah. (He
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) pointed out to both
index and middle fingers).”[40]
He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said:
“Whosoever places his hand over the head of an orphan with
mercy and affection, Allah will record the good deed for this
person according to the number of hairs that the person's hand
wipes of the orphan's head.”[41]
Islam also
paid special attention to foundlings or illegitimate children
who are left without any indication to acknowledge their
parents, whether it is a male or a female. The Islamic
government is required to take care of such children exactly
as an orphan. Two good members, a well taken care of orphan
and foundling will be brought up in a decent manner so as they
may become normal and beneficial members of the society. Thus,
these two members of the society may assume their normal life
responsibilities rather than being a burden or curse on the
society should they be left without care and affection.
Islam values
the opinion of the daughter when it comes to marriage.
Moreover, Islam considered the opinion of the daughter in the
marriage as an essential condition for the validity of the
marriage itself. The daughter, the sister, the granddaughter,
or the female in general, is free to accept the person who
seeks marriage from her, or reject his proposal. The father,
or any other guardian, has no right to force her to accept a
person whom she does not want. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
“A virgin girl must not enter wedlock until she gives
permission to do so. And a divorcee, or widow, should be also
asked to give approval of the proposing man.”[42]
Imam Ahmad
also reported 'Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), as
saying: A woman came to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him) and said: 'O Prophet of Allah! My father
offered me as wife to his nephew (who was an honorable man
with a good social status in the society, while we were normal
people with no recognition) so as to elevate his social
status. What should I do?' Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said:“The
matter is in your hands. If you like you may accept and
approve the marriage. If you do not, no one has the right to
force you to accept it.” The woman said: 'I approve
what my father had done, but I want to teach other women that
their fathers have no right to force them to marry whomever
they the fathers want.'
Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran
(30:21) which the meaning of is translated as:
“Among His signs is this, that He created for you wives from
among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has
put between you affection and mercy.”
We notice
that it is one of the great signs of the Might of Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), is to create for mankind wives from
among themselves so that they are comforted, settled, and can
derive satisfaction from one another. They both, male and
female, derive comfort, satisfaction, help and assistance from
each other and support one another.
A wife,
according to Islam, is one of the most essential pillars and
the foundation of the entire society. She is the basic
foundation upon which a Muslim home is established. Islam
grants her certain rights and requires her to perform certain
duties as we shall illustrate in the following section.
Dowry, is a right of every bride prior to marriage. This is a
gift that has been specified and mandated by the Islamic
teachings. A marriage contract is not complete unless and
until a dowry has been approved. Dowry cannot be dropped or
forfeited, even if the bride approves, until the marriage
contract is completed. The woman entering marriage has the
freedom to do whatever she wants with what she owns after the
marriage contract is fulfilled. Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala),
stated in the Glorious Quran (4:4) which the meaning of is
translated as:
“Give the women whom you marry their dower (obligatory bridal
money given by the husband at the tie of marriage) with a good
heart, but if they, of their own good pleasure, remit any part
of it to you, take it, and enjoy it without fear of any harm
(as Allah had made it lawful).”
Dowry is one
of the woman's rights. A husband may not, and is not allowed
to take anything back of the dower that he has given to his
wife if he decides to divorce her and seek another marriage.
Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran
(4:20-21) which the meaning of is translated as:
“If you intend to replace a wife by another and you have given
one of them a 'Qintar' (approx. 100 kg of gold) as dowry, take
not the least of it back; would you take it wrongfully without
a right and with a manifest sin. And how can you take it back
while you have gone in unto each other, and they have taken
from you a firm and strong covenant?”
Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), also stated in the Glorious Quran
(4:19) which the meaning of is translated as:
“O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against
their will, and you should not treat them with harshness, that
you may take away part of their dowry you have given them,
unless they commit open illegal sexual intercourse. Live with
them honorably; if you dislike them, it may be that you
dislike a thing and Allah brings through it a great deal of
good.” This verse ensures the wife's rights as
illustrated by Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), as stated in the
Glorious Quran.
It is
forbidden and unlawful to inherit women against their will. We
have illustrated earlier that Arabs during the pre-Islamic era
used to inherit the woman herself. If a husband, who had grown
up children who are capable of marrying, died; his widow was
inherited by the elder son from another marriage; or else,
that heir may offer that widow of his deceased father to any
other man. Or, the stepson; i.e., the heir, used to forbid the
widow of his father to marry someone else. This practice that
rendered the widow as a commodity in the hand of the stepson
or heir, entitled the man to do as he wishes with her.
Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), illustrated in the Glorious Quran that
it is unlawful for a man to mistreat his wife in such a
fashion that imposes hardship, harassment and burden to her.
Such as insulting her, beating her, wasting her wealth and
funds or even forbidding her from going out of her house, in
an attempt force her to pay all she possesses as ransom to her
husband to release her in divorce.
Islamic laws
and teachings, however, permit the husband to impose hardship
onto any woman who displays distorted moral conduct that is
shameful and harmful to the entire society and may cause decay
to the social order. A woman who fornicates, for instance, or
commits adultery, may be treated harshly so that the man may
demand return of the dowry that he gave her when he married
her. Afterwards, such a woman may be offered divorce.
Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), commanded in the Glorious Quran that a
husband must live with his wife honorably, kindly and with
respect. A man must say and do nice things to his wife. A man
must wear decent, clean and acceptable clothes when he sits in
his household. A man must look in his best as he likes his
wife to do for him at home, because this is only human nature.
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is
reported to have said:
“The most complete believers in terms of faith are those who
possess the best morals. The best of you are those best to
their wives.”[43]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is reported
to have been always pleasant, kind and caring to all. He
played and joked nicely and politely with his family members.
He was also known to be very kind and good to them. Imam Ahmad
reported Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) as saying:
“All things man may play with and have fun are rendered vain
and waste of time except three items as follows: to practice
archery, to train one's horse and to play and have decent fun
with one's wife. These three items are lawful and truthful
ones.”
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) spent
generously on his family members as he could financially
afford. Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) also is well known for being cheerful and decent in
joking with his household and playing with them. 'Aishah (may
Allah be pleased with her), the mother of the believers, is
reported to have said: Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him) raced with me and I beat him before I
become old and heavy. Later, when I became old and heavy he
raced with me again and he won. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said to me upon winning the
race:
“This win of mine makes up for that win of yours.”[44]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is reported
to have sat in the house for a short while with his family,
talking to them, giving them company and showing kindness,
before going to sleep, and after offering the late evening
prayer, i.e. Isha. Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him)
narrated: "I slept at the house of Maymunah(the Prophet's
wife) one night when it was her night to see the Prophet's
night prayer. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
talked with his wife for a period of time then he slept."[45]
Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (33:21)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“Indeed in the person of the Messenger of Allah there is a
good example to follow for those who believe in Allah and the
hereafter, and remembers Allah much. Hence, Allah's Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the best example
to follow for all of us, the believing Muslims. Muslims ought
to follow the pattern of Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him) in all of their personal and public
affairs throughout their entire life.”
This practice applies to husbands who are married to more than
one wife. A husband who has a polygamy marriage in accordance
to Islam must be fair and just to all of his wives and treat
them on equal terms with regards to feeding, clothing and
time-sharing. Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) is reported to have said:
“He who has two wives and does not demonstrate justice,
fairness and equality amongst them will come on the Day of
Resurrection with one of his sides paralyzed.”[46]
A husband must spend enough of his income and wealth for his
wife. He is required to secure suitable housing, daily needs
in terms of food, clothing and whatever other necessities the
house may require. Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the
Glorious Quran (65:7) which the meaning of is translated as:
“Let the rich man spend according to his means, and let the
man whose resources are restricted, spend according to what
Allah has given him. Allah puts no burden on any person beyond
what He has given him. Allah will grant after hardship, ease.”
Hakeem bin
Mu'awiyeh al-Qushairee reported his father as saying:
“I asked Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him): what is the right of one's wife onto him? He answered:
Her right is to feed her as you feed yourself, to clothe her
as you clothe yourself; do not hit her at the face, do not use
insulting language, and do not abandon her bed for any place
other than home.”[47]
Therefore, if
a rich man declines to spend on his family in accordance with
his means, and the wife was able to take a portion of his
wealth, even without informing him and making it clear to him,
she may take a sum that only would satisfy the essential needs
of her and her children, without exaggeration or overspending.
This ruling is based upon the incident of Hind bint 'Utbah who
came to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) complaining about her husband, Abu-Sofyan, saying: 'My
husband is a miser and he does not spend enough on me and his
children.' Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) said:
“Take whatever suffices you and your children modestly.”[48]
If a husband
came under heavy financial strain and was incapable of
fulfilling his family financial needs, or if he left his wife
for an extensive period of time whereby the wife was hurt due
to that absence, the wife is entitled to seek court
intervention to break that marriage. This is based on a Hadith
reported by Abu-Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him), as
'Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
was once asked about a husband who does not have sufficient
funds to satisfy the living needs of his wife, what should be
done about such a marriage?' Allah's Apostle said:
“This marriage should be broken by the separation of the
husband and his wife.”
Islam urges
men to treat their wives kindly and with a caring and sharing
attitude. The Apostle of Allah was reported as saying:
“The most complete believers in terms of faith are those who
possess the best morals. The best of you are those best to
their wives.”[49]
Islam did not
neglect the mental and emotional rights of women as well.
There are many rights in addition to the materialistic rights
for women. The following are some of these mental and
emotional rights for women:
- Women must be protected by man from all immoral people.
They should not be exposed to places of moral corruption,
nightclubs and other similar places.
- Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious
Quran (66:6) which the meaning of is translated as:
“O you who believe! Ward off from yourselves and your
families a Fire (Hell) whose fuel is men and stones, over
which are appointed angels, stern and severe, who disobey
not the commands they receive from Allah, and do what they
are commanded.”
- Women should be taught beneficial things for both this
world and the hereafter. All their secrets must be kept and
preserved. None of their shortcomings should be disclosed to
anyone. No private affairs of the woman should be made
public or shared as a conversation item even among the most
intimate friends. None of the practices a husband does
privately with his spouse should be disclosed openly or
secretly to anyone, regardless of how close he might be.
Allah's Apostle was reported as saying:
“One of the worst people in the sight of Allah on the Day of
Resurrection is a husband who may do private things with his
wife, or a wife who does the same with her husband, then one
of them discloses that privacy to others.”[50]
This right is one of the most emphasized rights in Islam. The
husband is required and obliged by Islamic law to fulfill the
sexual rights of his spouse, to ensure the satisfaction of the
spouse so as to refrain one's spouse from getting involved in
shameful acts, may Allah forbid. A spouse, as any other
female, is in a great need for a big heart to love her, care
for her, fulfill her natural and physical needs and take care
of her instinctive demands.
Islam, in
fact, forbids husbands from indulging themselves in matters of
physical devotions, like prayers and fasting, in a way that
may detract them from attending to their partners' needs,
demands and instinctive requirements. Salman Al-Farisi (may
Allah be pleased with him), reported: "I went to visit my
brother in faith, Abu-Darda (may Allah be pleased with him),
upon arrival, I was greeted by his spouse who was wearing very
casual house clothes. Seeing that, I asked her, 'What is the
matter with you; why are you wearing such simple and casual
clothes and not wearing other suitable clothes to please your
husband?' She said: 'Your brother, Abu-Darda (may Allah be
pleased with him), has no interest, none whatsoever, with this
world and its affairs. He spends his nights praying and spends
the day fasting!' Upon the arrival of Abu-Darda (may Allah be
pleased with him), who welcomed Salman (may Allah be pleased
with him), and offered him some food, Salman said: 'Why do not
you eat with me?' Abu-Darda (may Allah be pleased with him),
said: 'I am fasting.' Salman (may Allah be pleased with him),
said: 'I take an oath by Allah that you must break your fast
and eat with me.' Abu-Darda (may Allah be pleased with him),
broke his fast and ate with Salman (may Allah be pleased with
him). Salman spent that night with Abu-Darda (may Allah be
pleased with him). The latter got up during the night to offer
some night prayers. Salman (may Allah be pleased with him),
stopped him from doing so saying: 'Your body has certain
rights upon you; your Lord has certain rights upon you; and
your family has certain rights upon you. Fast some days, and
break the fast on others, approach your spouse and fulfill her
instinctive needs. Grant every person his due right.' Just
before the break of dawn, Salman (may Allah be pleased with
him), permitted Abu-Darda (may Allah be pleased with him), to
get up and offer prayers. Both of them got up, performed
ablution and offered some prayers then they headed to the
Masjid to offer Fajr prayer. Upon finishing the prayer with
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him),
Abu-Darda (may Allah be pleased with him), reported to the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) what Salman
(may Allah be pleased with him), had said and done to him. The
Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
confirmed:
“Salman said the truth.”[51]
The following
are some other rights that the spouse enjoys according to
Islam:
- A husband must not travel and be away from home for more
than a six-month period at one time. ( if his wife agree,
and this is an estimated period set by the prophet's khalif
Omar ibn Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) after he
consulted his daughter Hafsa (may Allah be pleased with her)
about the period that the wife can stay away from her
husband , but, this period remains less or more depends on
the wife's sexual demands). A wife, based on her own
instinctive nature, may tolerate the absence of her husband
for more than six months, or she may demand him to come back
before that time. The husband may not refuse or deny his
spouse's request unless he has a very valid and legitimate
excuse.
- A husband must not make any financial decisions on
behalf of his spouse and must not interfere in her own
financial affairs unless she gives him such permission. The
husband has no right to take any of his spouse's financial
assets without her knowledge and approval.
- The husband must consult his spouse insofar as the major
household decisions, children's affairs and other mutual
affairs. It is not wise to dictate a man's opinion upon all
members of the family and not listen to the spouse's
opinion, as long as her opinion is wise and correct. Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gave us a
practical example of such doing. On the Day of the Pact[52]
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
commanded his companions to shave their heads and take off
their Hajj/Umra garments clothes, "Ihram", but they were
slow and did not hasten to fulfill his command. Ummu Salamah
(may Allah be pleased with her), his wife, recommended that
he do so himself and goes out before his companions. Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) acted
upon the recommendation of his wife, doing what she
suggested and went out of his tent. When the companions saw
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
and what he had done, they all hastened to emulate his act.
- A husband must avoid tracing and counting every innocent
mistake his spouse may commit. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) is reported to have said:
“A husband may not come late at night from a travel to his
home without a proper notification.”[53]
A husband may find his spouse in an unprepared situation
that he may dislike, and thus this may cause him to dislike
his spouse.
- A husband must be kind, tentative, sharing and caring to
his spouse. He must deal with her with honesty, decency,
patience and care and must take into consideration her very
human nature; women like to be loved tenderly and be well
taken care of. A husband must demonstrate his affection,
love, appreciation, caring, consideration and genuine
keenness to his spouse. This must be expressed with words
and actions. Allah, stated in the Glorious Quran (4:19)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women
against their will, and you should not treat them with
harshness, that you may take away part of the dower you have
given them, except where they have been guilty of illegal
sexual intercourse. And live with them honorably. If you
dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah
brings through it a great deal of good.” It is also
reported that Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him) said:
“A believing Muslim must not declare his dislike of a
believing spouse. A husband may dislike some of his spouse's
behaviors, but he will definitely like others.”[54]
We note that the Glorious Quran greatly emphasized the right
of the woman as a mother. In fact, Allah (subhanahu wa
ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (17:23) which the
meaning of is translated as:
“Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him; and that
you be dutiful, kind, and caring to your parents. If one of
them or both attains old age in your life, say not to them a
word of faintest complaint or disrespect, nor shout at them;
but address them in terms of honor.” Allah, in this
verse puts His right to be worshipped along with the right of
parents, in the same address and at the same level. This
displays the great rights and position of parents in Islam.
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) declared
that:
“Paradise is under the mother's feet.”[55]
No doubt this is a symbolic representation of the fact that
the pleasure, caring, respecting and serving the mother will
definitely lead man to attain the pleasure of Allah and
Paradise, which He promised as a reward for His rightly guided
Muslim believers.
Mothers, in
the first place, before fathers, deserve kindness, caring,
good treatment, kind company and best care and service from
their children. Abu-Horairah (may Allah be pleased with him),
was reported as saying:
“A man came to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him), and asked him: 'O Prophet of Allah! Who is the
most deserving and worthy of my good company and care?'
Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him),
responded: 'It is your mother.' The man asked: 'Who comes next
after her?' He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
said: 'Your mother.' Again, the man asked: 'Who comes next
after her?' He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him),
said: 'Your mother', The man sked again: 'Who comes next after
her?' He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said:
'Your father.”[56]
This Hadith
indicates that a mother has three times the rights that of a
father in accordance with Islam. This entitlement is given to
the mother due to the tremendous suffering that she goes
through during the various stages of the life of her child, in
pregnancy, delivery, nursing as well as the shared
responsibility of raising the child. The fetus lives,
nourishes and thrives on the account of the mother's digested
food while in his mother's womb for nine months. Similarly,
the nursing baby does the same for two years of his life, if
the mother decides to breast-feed her child. This has been
illustrated by Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), as stated in the
Glorious Quran (31:14) which the meaning of is translated as:
“And We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and good to his
parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon
weakness and hardship; his weaning is two years. Offer Me
thanks and to your parents; unto Me is the final destination.”
Mothers,
therefore, are given priority over fathers, and anybody else
for that matter, in terms of being kind, caring, dutiful,
mindful, good, obedient and helping.
Both parents,
in accordance to Islamic teachings and principles, are to be
obeyed, respected and not differed with as long as they do not
command or order their children to disobey their Creator,
Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala). If parents ordered their children
to perform any act of disobedience to Allah, in any form,
shape or size, then they are to be disobeyed in that
particular aspect of practice only. In the meantime, a
son/daughter must continue to present their normal duties
towards parents; they are expected to serve them, help them in
their worldly affairs, come to their rescue when they need
them. Allah (subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious
Quran (31:15) which the meaning of is translated as:
“And if parents strive with you to make you join in worship
with Me others that of which you have no knowledge, then obey
them not, but behave with them in the world kindly, and follow
the path of him who turns to Me in repentance and obedience.
Then to Me will be your return, and I shall tell you what you
did throughout your life.”
Obedience to
parents must be given priority over all others including the
wife. This means, that by no means the wife is to be
humiliated, insulted, tortured or otherwise. Each individual
must be given his/her due right of respect and obedience
accordingly; however, parents should be given priority in
obedience over all others.
Allah's
pleasure with man is but an indication of the pleasure of the
parents with their son/daughter, and vise versa. His dismay,
wrath and displeasure is due to occur as a result of
dismaying, displeasing or humiliating one's parents. Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
“Allah's pleasure with man is but an indication of the
pleasure of the parents with their son/daughter, and vise
versa. His dismay, wrath and displeasure is due to occur to
man as a result of dismaying, displeasing or humiliating one's
parents.”[57]
Caring for
parents, being good and kind to them, pleasing them and taking
care of their immediate needs, especially in old age is
preferred over participating actively and involving physically
in the various acts of Jihad, striving for the cause of Allah.
Unless every Muslim, male and female, is compelled to take an
active part in Jihad activities, the care for parents is given
utmost priority in accordance with Islam. Ibn Masaud (may
Allah be pleased with him), reported:“I
asked Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him): O Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) What is the most liked act in the sight of Allah? Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
Offering the prayer in its accurate due time. I, the reporter
of the Hadith, further asked: What comes next, O Prophet of
Allah? Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) said: Being good, kind, respectful, obedient and caring
to your parents. I, the reporter of the Hadith, further asked:
What comes next, O Prophet of Allah? The Prophet said:
Striving, Jihad, for the cause of Allah.”[58]
Abdullah bin
'Amr bin al-'Aas (may Allah be pleased with him), also
reported:“A
man came to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) and said to him: O Prophet of Allah! I shall give
you my pledge of allegiance to migrate and strive in the cause
of Allah seeking His reward only. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) upon hearing that asked the
man: Are your parents alive? The man said: Yes, O Prophet of
Allah, both of them is living. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said: If you seek the pleasure
and reward from Allah go back to your parents and make sure
that you do the best you can to serve them, please them, take
care of their needs especially at the old age and be good and
kind to them.”[59]
Parents must
be respected, obeyed and offered financial assistance by their
children, even if they have different religion or faith, other
than Islam, as long as they do not demand that their
son/daughter do any act of disobedience to Allah. Asma, the
daughter of Abu-Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), said: My
mother, who was still a pagan, came to visit with me. I went
to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him),
seeking his advice on what I should do regarding her visit,
despite the fact that my mother was expressing an interest in
Islam, 'Should I be kind and good and take financial care of
her?' Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him), responded:
“Yes, indeed. You should be kind and good and take care
financially of your mother even if the mother was a pagan.”[60]
A
son/daughter must help and give every possible assistance to
parents in their various daily household chores. One must not
be aloof and refuse to physically help his parents in their
daily regular house activities. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him), himself, used to mend his own
clothes, mend his own shoes and help his family with their
daily chores. In fact, 'Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her)
once was asked: 'What did Allah's Apostle used to do while at
home?' 'Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), said: "Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), used to
serve and assist his household; however, when he would hear
the call to prayer, he would immediately leave the house."[61]
Goodness,
kindness, obedience and caring for parent's needs must, in
fact, be given higher priority over all other voluntary acts
of prayer and worship. This is based on a Hadith where
Abu-Horairah (may Allah be pleased with him), reported the
Prophet as saying:
“None, except three infants spoke while still in the cradle.
These were:
- Jesus son of Mary (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him).
- The second is an Israelite at the time of Juraij. Juraij
was a monk isolated himself in a cell and devoting his time
for prayer and worship of Allah. One day, Juraij's mother
sought him out asking help while he was indulged with his
prayers. He said: 'O Allah! I am confused, to whom should I
give priority; my prayers or my mother?' He preferred to
continue his prayers, and neglected his mother's request for
help. Upon seeing that, Juraij's mother left. On the
following morning the mother did the same, and Juraij also
continued his prayers and neglected his mother's call for
help. On the following day, Juraij's mother came again to
him and called him to help her, as she had done in the past
two days; Juraij did not respond. Upon seeing that, the
mother said: 'O Allah! Have Juraij look at the faces of
prostitutes before he dies.' Israelites at the time used to
highly admire the amount and manner of Juraij's worship,
prayers and seclusion to which he devoted himself. A very
beautiful and attractive prostitute that was popular at that
time proposed to Israelites, 'If you wish, I can tempt
Juraij and cause him to fall in love and commit illegal
sexual activities with me.' The prostitute set out to
execute what she proposed. She tried her best to lure Juraij
into illegal sex with her; but to her surprise and dismay,
her efforts were a failure. Hence, she approached a shepherd
who used to stay close to Juraij's cell and offered herself
to the shepherd who showed no objection. The prostitute got
pregnant. Upon delivery, the prostitute accused Juraij of
being the father of the child. The Israelites went to Juraij
in his cell, drove him out, destroyed the cell and started
beating him. He asked: "What is the matter? Why are you
doing so?" They said: "You have fornicated with this
prostitute and she delivered a baby from you, while you
pretend to be a pious man." Juraij said: "Would you bring
the baby here and let me offer my prayers, in an attempt to
prove to you that I am not the father of that child." The
Israelites permitted Juraij to offer his prayers, and
brought the baby. When Juraij finished his prayers, he went
to the baby and pointed to his belly with his hand asking:
"Who is your real father, baby?" The baby, who was still in
the cradle, said: "My father is the shepherd." Upon hearing
the baby's statement and confession, the Israelites started
kissing Juraij, seeking his blessings and said: "Should we
reconstruct a cell out of gold for you?" He said: "No. But
just rebuild it of clay and mud as it was built before." And
so they did.
- The third was an infant who was nursing at his mother's
breast when a knight wearing very fancy clothes, passed by
on a beautiful horse. The nursing mother said: 'O Allah! Let
my son become in the future like this knight.' Upon hearing
this supplication, the nursing infant left his mother's
breast and said, while looking at the knight himself: 'O
Allah! Do not make me in the future like this knight'. Then,
the infant went back to sucking. (The narrator of the
Hadith, Abu-Horairah (may Allah be pleased with him), said:
'I can remember the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) imitating the infant's nursing his mother's breast
by placing his index in his mouth and sucking it.') Then the
mother and her nursing infant passed by a maid who was
beaten by her master and others accusing her with
fornication and theft. The maid continued to say: 'Allah
suffices me and He is My Guardian!' The mother said: 'O
Allah! Do not let my child be like this woman in the
future.' Upon hearing his mother's statement, the infant
left his mother's breast and said: 'O Allah! Let me be like
this woman in the future!' The mother upon hearing her
infant's statement addressed him saying: 'Son! What is the
matter with you? A nicely dressed knight passed by on a very
nice horse, with a high status and power and I wished that
you will be like him in the future; you refused to be like
him. When we passed by that maid who was beaten and
disciplined for an accusation of fornication and theft, and
I prayed Allah for you not to be tortured and accused like
her; you rejected my supplication also.' The infant said:
'Mother, As for the knight, he was a tyrant, and therefore I
asked Allah not to make me like him. As for the beaten and
accused maid, she has neither fornicated nor stolen. Thus, I
asked Allah to make me innocent and pure like her!”[62]
Islamic teachings warn against disobeying parents,
disrespecting them and not fulfilling their financial rights.
Abu-Bakrah (may Allah be pleased with him), reported of
Allah's Apostle as saying:
“The punishment for all worldly sins may be deferred until the
Judgment Day by Allah except for the sin of disobedience of
children to their parents. This sin's punishment shall be
imposed during the lifetime of man and not deferred until
later.”[63]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was also
reported as saying:
“Verily, Allah has forbidden you to disobey your mothers, to
prevent people from their entitlements, and to ask people for
what you are not entitled; He has further forbidden burying
your baby-girls while they are alive. He, also dislikes for
you to say: "Other people said so and so." He, also, has
forbidden you to continuously ask others to give you; or to
question everything you see; or to waste your wealth for no
meaningful reason.”[64]
Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) illustrated
that being good and kind to parents is essential in the
fulfillment of the supplications and prayers of man throughout
his life. Ibn 'Omar (may Allah be pleased with him), reported
the Prophet as saying:
“Three men in the previous times set out on a business trip.
When night approached they slept in a cave at the bottom of a
mountain. Upon entering the cave, a boulder rolled down and
closed the cave's entrance completely. They talked it over and
concluded that there was no way out of this trouble except
with prayers and supplications. 'We had better seek the help
of Allah according to the best and most righteous deeds we
have done in our lives.'
The first man said: 'O Allah! I had two elderly parents whom I
never offered my wife and children anything to eat or drink
before I offer them. One day I had to go for a long distance
seeking food for my herd and I was late coming back. Upon
arrival I found both of my parents asleep. I milked the sheep
in order to offer my parents their dinner but I hated to wake
them up to drink. However, I did not offer my wife or children
before I offered them. I remained standing next to them
carrying the milk pot in my hand waiting for them to wake up.
At the break of day, they woke up, by that time my children
were at my feet crying for milk. At that time, they woke up
and I offered them their milk. O Allah! If you know that I
have done that for Your sake, please salvage us from this
trouble that we are suffering.' Upon that the rock was moved
slightly away from the cave's entrance, but it was not enough
to let a man out.
The second man said: 'O Allah! I had a female cousin from my
father's side who was the most beloved woman to me on the face
of Earth. I wanted her very badly to make love to me, but she
refused. At one point in time, she underwent a very bad
financial problem and came under a lot of financial stress due
to famine. She came to me asking for help. I offered her a
hundred and twenty 120 golden Dinars in order to let me have
what I wanted from her; i.e., illegitimate sexual relations
with her outside the wedlock. Under the pressure of her
pressing need and poor financial situation, she agreed. When I
was ready to begin the intercourse with her, she said, 'O
Cousin! Fear Allah! And do not remove the seal of virginity
except with the right manner.' Upon hearing that, I got up and
did not touch her although she was the most beloved and wanted
woman to me. I did not take back the gold which I gave her.'
Then he raised his hands to heavens and said: 'O Allah! If You
know I have done what I did for Your cause and pleasure,
please remove the trouble and the stress that we are
suffering. Remove the rock from the cave's entrance so we can
get out!' Upon saying that, the rock was removed a very small
distance again, so small as to not enable a person to get out
of the cave.
The third man said: 'O Allah! You know that I once employed
some workers and at the end of the day I paid their wages
except for one who left without collecting his pay. Thus, I
rightly invested his wages in my business and kept a special
note and account for it. The money that belonged to this
worker grew a lot during the years. At one point in time,
after many years, the worker came to me asking for his wage
that he did not take for that day of work. I pointed out to
him a large group consisting of a herd of sheep, cows, camels,
slaves and servants, and said to him: 'All that you see is
yours! That is the wage that I owe you!' The poor worker was
stunned and said: 'Please, do not ridicule and make fun of me!
I am only asking for one-day wage. The employer said: 'I am
neither ridiculing you nor making fun of you. This is all
yours.' The worker took all that I pointed out for him and
left. Then the man raised his hands to heavens and said: 'O
Allah! If I have done what I did for Your cause and pleasure,
remove the trouble and the stress that we are suffering.' Upon
that the rock rolled away from the cave's entrance and the
three men left the cave free again.' ”[65]
Islamic
teachings also consider the pleasure of the parents, being
good, kind, helpful, considerate, respecting and caring to
them as one of the things that abolishes the sins in this
world. It is reported that Abdullah Ibn 'Omar (may Allah be
pleased with him), said:
“A man came to Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him) and said: 'O Prophet! I have committed a major
sin. Do you think that I can repent to Allah from it?' Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) asked the
man: "Do you have a mother living?" The man answered
negatively. Allah Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) further asked the man: "Do you have a maternal aunt
living?" The man answered positively. Allah's Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to him: "Be kind,
caring, helpful, good, respective and keen to her.”[66]
This is, of course, due to the fact that the mother's sister
(aunt), in accordance to Islam, has a similar position and
status to that of the mother. Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) is reported to have said:
“The sister of the mother has a similar position and status to
that of the mother.”[67]
Islam
required that the rights of parents should continue to be
honored and respected even after their death. Malik Ibn
Rabee'ah reported:
“While we were sitting with Allah's Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him), a man from Bani Salamah came
to him and asked: 'O Allah's Apostle! My parents passed away.
Is there anything required of me as a right of theirs after
their death which I should keep and maintain.' Allah's Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Yes indeed.
You should maintain supplications and prayers on their behalf.
Ask Allah continuously to pardon them and forgive them.
Fulfill any promises or pledges of allegiance that they have
taken or offered others to do. Honor, respect and be
hospitable to their friends and maintain a strong ties with
your relatives which illustrate your love and respect to your
parents.”[68]
All that we
have stated and illustrated are only broad guidelines on the
major and essential rights of parents, in general, and
mothers, in particular, in accordance to Islamic teachings.
There are many other rights of parents that we did not state
here so as not to bore the reader.
Islam requires the same rights for women as is required for
men. A woman must be extended every possible good thing and
have nice treatment. Allah's Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him) is reported to have said:
“Believers in their mutual care, love and kindness are like
one human body; if one organ of that body aches, the entire
body will become feverish and man will stay awake all night.”[69]
If a woman is
a neighbor and she is a Muslim, she is entitled to two rights:
the right of Islam, and the right of a neighbor. Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (4:36)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“Worship Allah and join none with Him in worship, and do good
to parents, kinfolk, orphans, the poor who beg, the neighbor
who is related to you, the neighbor who is a stranger, the
companion by your side, the wayfarer you meet, and those
slaves whom your right hand possesses. Verily, Allah does not
like those such as who are proud and boastful.”
One of the
woman's right upon her neighbors is to be good, caring and
kind to her. She is also entitled to be protected against
various evils of life, supported as needed, respected and
cared for. Allah Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) said:
“Archangel Gabriel continued to recommend me to take care of
the neighbor so much so that I thought the neighbor is going
to be my legal heir.”[70]
It is also
reported that Talhah (may Allah be pleased with him), said:
"Omar Ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), went out
of his home one night. I decided to follow him to see what he
was doing during the night. I saw him entering a specific
house. After a while I saw him coming out and entering another
house. In the morning I passed by the first house and entered
it to check who lives there. To my surprise I found an old,
blind and disabled woman. I asked her: 'What did the man who
came in your home last night want from you?' She said: 'This
man has been taking care of me for a time, getting me what I
need, helping me and supporting me.' Talha, the reporter said
to himself: 'Why should I investigate Omar's actions?'[71]
Moreover, if
the woman was an aunt, from either side, or a relative,
regardless of the distance, she is included in the kinfolk to
whom Allah commanded to be good, kind and supportive. Allah
(subhanahu wa ta'ala), stated in the Glorious Quran (47:22)
which the meaning of is translated as:
“Would you then, if you were given the authority, do mischief
in the land, and sever your ties of kinship?” Allah's
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is also
reported to have said:
“A person who deserts his kinship will never enter paradise.”[72]
Thus we have
seen some of the aspects of honoring, respecting, caring and
supporting women according to Islamic teachings. Woman, we
believe, never witnessed, neither in the past nor in the
present, any similar respect and honor throughout the history
of mankind on Earth.
[27] This Hadith is reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawood and
Baihaqee.
[28] This Hadith is reported by Imam Malik in his book
Al-Mouwatta.
[29] This Hadith is reported by Baihaqee.
[30] This Hadith was reported by Abu Dawood and Tirmithee.
[31] This Hadith was reported by Ahmad.
[32] This Hadith was reported by Abu Dawood and Nasaiee.
[33] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[34] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[35] This Hadith was reported by Muslim.
[36] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[37] This Hadith is reported by Al-Bazzar.
[38] This Hadith was reported by Nasaiee.
[39] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[40] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari.
[41] This Hadith was reported by Ahmad. The wording of the
Hadith, however, is somewhat different as quoted herein.
[42] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari.
[43] This Hadith is reported by Tirmithee.
[44] This Hadith was reported by Imam Ahmad (RAA).
[45] Reported by Muslim.
[46] This Hadith was reported by Tirmithee.
[47] This Hadith was reported by Ibn-Hibban and
Abu-Dawood.
[48] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[49] This Hadith is reported by Tirmithee.
[50] This Hadith was reported by Muslim.
[51] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari.
[52] Peace Treaty of Hodaibiyeh, a well-known place in the
outskirts of Makkah where Allah's Apostle (PBUH), concluded a
peace treaty with the pagans of Makkah in the 8th year of
Hijrah.
[53] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[54] This Hadith was reported by Muslim.
[55] This Hadith was reported by Al-Nasaiee and Ibn Majah
as follows:
“A man came to the Prophet (PBUH), and said: "O Prophet of
Allah! I intend to participate in the Islamic fighting for the
cause of Allah. I came to consult you about it. The prophet
(PBUH) asked the man: "Do you have a (living) mother? The man
said: Yes. He (PBUH) said: "Do not depart her sight. Paradise
is by her feet.”
[56] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[57] This Hadith was reported by Tirmithee.
[58] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari.
[59] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[60] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[61] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari.
[62] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[63] This Hadith was reported by al-Hakim.
[64] This Hadith was reported by Bukhari and Muslim.
[65] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[66] This Hadith was reported by Tirmithee.
[67] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[68] This Hadith was reported by both Abu Dawood and Ibn
Majah.
[69] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[70] This Hadith was reported by Al-Tirmithee and Abu
Dawood.
[71] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
[72] This Hadith was reported by both Bukhari and Muslim.
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